Method for automated analysis of digital chest radiographs

ABSTRACT

A method for automatically segmenting lung regions in a chest radiographic image comprising; providing an input digital chest radiograph image; preprocessing the input digital radiographic image; extracting the chest body midline and lung centerlines from the preprocessed image. Locating one-by-one, the chest body model, the spine model and the two lung models in the image based on the extracted chest body midline and two lung centerlines; and detecting the lung contours by deforming the lung shape models to converge to the true lung boundaries as a function of the extracting and locating image processing.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 10/315,884 filed on Dec. 10, 2002 titled “METHOD FOR AUTOMATED ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL CHEST RADIOGRAPHS” by Luo et al., incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to techniques for automated analysis of digital chest radiographs, and more specifically to a method for automated detection of lung regions in digital chest radiographs.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Identification of lung regions in chest radiographs is an important pre-processing step for most types of computer analysis of digital chest radiographs, such as interstitial disease, pneumothorax, cardiomegaly and pulmonary nodules. Recent literature has addressed this topic, and various image processing methods have been applied. These methods can be basically classified into two categories. One is feature-based pixel classification and the other is ruled-based reasoning. In pixel classification systems, each pixel in the image is represented by a set of features, such as density, histogram, entropy, and gradients, and is classified into a region type based on the output of Neural Networks or Markov Random Field Modeling. Prior work in this subject area includes the work of McNitt-Gray et al. Feature Selection classification problem of digital chest radiograph segmentation, IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, 1995, 14, pp 537-547, who developed a pattern classification scheme consisting of stepwise discriminate analysis as a basis for feature selection which has then used to train and test classifiers, Tsuji et al., Automated Segmentation of anatomical region in chest radiographs using an adaptive-sized hybrid neural network, Med. Phys., 25 (6), June 1998, pp 998-1007, who used an adaptive-sized hybrid neural network to classify each pixel into two anatomic classes (lung and others) according to relative pixel address, density and histogram equalized entropy and Hassegawa et al., A Shift-Invariant Neural Network for the Lung Field Segmentation in Chest Radiography, Journal of VLSI Signal Processing, No. 18, 1998, pp 241-250, who employed a shift-invariant neural network to extract the lung regions. Vittitoe et al., Identification of lung regions in chest radiographs using Markov random field modeling, Med. Phys. 25, (6), 1998, pp 976-985, developed a pixel classifier for the identification of lung regions using Markov Random Field modeling. Lung segmentation by rule-based reasoning consists of a series of steps, each containing specific processing and, usually, certain adjustable parameters. For example, Armato et al., Automated Registration of ventilation/perfusion images with digital chest radiographs., Acad. Radiology, 1997, 4, 183-192, used a combination of a global and local gray-level thresholding to extract lung regions and then smoothed the lung contours by a rolling ball technique. Duryea et al., A fully automated algorithm for the segmentation of lung fields in digital chest radiographic images, Med. Phys., 1995, 22, 99 183-191, proposed a heuristic edge tracing approach with validation against hand-drawn lung contours. Pietka, Lung Segmentation in Digital Radiographs, Journal of Digital Imaging, vol. 7, No. 2, 1994, pp 79-84, delineated lung borders using a single threshold determined from the gray-level histogram of a selected region, then refined the lung edges by gradient analysis. Xu et al., Image Feature Analysis For Computer-Aid Diagnosis: Detection of Right and Left hemi diaphragm edges and Delineation of lung field in chest radiographs, Med. Phys., 23 (9), Sept. 1996, pp 1613-1624, determined the lung regions by detecting top lung edges and ribcage edges, then fitting the edges into smooth curves. Carrascal et al., Automatic Calculation of total lung capacity from automatically traced boundaries in postero-anterior and lateral digital chest radiographs, Med. Phys., 25 (7), July 1998, pp 1118-1131, detected the lung boundary segments in a set of automatic defined Regions of Interests (ROIs), then corrected and completed the boundary by means of interpolation and arc fitting.

Generally speaking, the methods described in the prior art are low-level processing, which operate directly on the raw image data; even through a few of them utilize embedded domain knowledge as heuristics within segmentation algorithms. These approaches pose problems when processing images of abnormal anatomy, or images with excessive noise and poor quality, because the abnormal anatomic structures or noise often confuse the segmentation routines. Thus, there exists a need for high-level analysis, incorporating both the anatomical knowledge and low-level image processing, in order to improve the performance of segmentation algorithms. To solve the problem, Brown et al., Knowledge-based method for segmentation and analysis of lung boundaries in chest x-ray images, Computerized medical Imaging and Graphics, 1998, 22, pp 463-477, presented a knowledge-based system which matches image edges to an anatomical model of the lung boundary using parametric features and reasoning mechanisms. Ginneken et al., Computer-Aided Diagnosis in Chest Radiography PhD thesis, Utrecht University, March 2001, used a hybrid system that combines the strength of a rule-based approach and pixel classification to detect lung regions. Although the latter methods demonstrate improved performance, to automatically and accurately detect lung regions is still a difficult problem. There are several factors that contribute to this difficulty including (1) a high degree of variation in chest image composition from person to person, (2) the variability in the habitus and level of inspiration of the lungs during the examination, and (3) the superimposed structures in the lung regions of chest radiographs, such as lung vasculature, ribs, and clavicles. The latter structures cause the lung boundaries to appear ambiguous, which greatly reduces the performance of low-level image processing.

To reliably segment lung regions, both low-level processing and high-level analysis must be employed, and low-level processing techniques should be constrained and directed by knowledge of the relevant local anatomy, which is supplied through high-level analysis. The present invention provides a solution to the problems of the prior art and employs a robust means to automatically segment lung regions in digital chest radiographs by using a knowledge-based model, which not only encapsulates the properties of anatomic structures, but also specifies an efficient way to detect them and evaluate their relationships.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the present invention, there is provided an automated method for detecting lung regions in chest radiographs.

According to a feature of the present invention, there is to provide an automated method and system for detecting and locating the chest body and the spine column in chest radiographs.

A further object of this invention is to improve the image display quality based on the anatomical structures in chest radiographs.

According to the present invention, these objects are achieved by providing a new method and system for automated analysis of chest radiographs. The method includes pre-processing chest radiographs, extracting the chest body midline and lung centerlines, locating the chest body model, the spine column model and the lung models in chest radiographs, and deforming the lung shape model to coverage to the true boundaries of the lung regions.

Pre-processing chest radiographs comprises analyzing the histogram of a chest radiograph, deriving two thresholds from the histogram, segmenting the chest radiograph by the two thresholds, estimating the two lung regions and the mediastinum region from the segmented image, and normalizing the radiograph based on the properties extracted from the estimated lung regions and mediastinum region.

Extracting the chest body midline and lung centerlines makes use of the 0^(th)-order X direction derivative image and the estimated lung regions and mediastinum region to detect three feature lines, one corresponding to the chest body midline and the other two to the lung centerlines.

Locating the knowledge model starts from the chest body model, then the spine model and finally the lung models with the help of three feature lines.

Deforming the lung shape model includes determining a target point for each landmark, adjusting the pose and size of the shape model and finally deforming the shape model locally to best fit the target points.

ADVANTAGEOUS EFFECT OF THE INVENTION

The invention has the following advantages.

1. Chest radiographs are normalized based on the anatomic regions, which not only improves the display quality of radiographs, but also makes the system robust;

2. The algorithm incorporates both high-level analysis and low-level image processing, which enables the system to deal with radiographs with abnormal anatomy, noise and poor quality;

3. The shape-based deformable lung model is tolerant of shape and positional variances as well as image disturbances.

4 The region-growing scheme is adaptive.

5. The employed edge information combines difference order derivative and different direction edge information, which makes the boundary detection more accurate and reliable.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of the automated method for detection of lung regions in chest radiographs according to the invention.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are diagrammatic views demonstrating the structure of the knowledge model. FIG. 2A shows that the knowledge model includes the following components: the chest body model (21), the spine model (23) and the left and right lung models (22, 24). FIG. 2B illustrates the spatial relations between the models.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating the method for preprocessing of chest radiographs.

FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C are graphical views illustrating the histogram analysis for chest radiographs. FIG. 4A is the gray-level histogram of the original chest radiograph. FIG. 4B shows the smoothed histogram. FIG. 4C displays the two detected thresholds in the histogram.

FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C and 5D illustrating the pre-process of chest radiographs. FIG. 5 a shows the original chest radiograph. FIG. 5 b displays the segmented image by using the two thresholds, and FIG. 5C shows the processed image after the background removal. FIG. 5D demonstrates the estimate of the lung regions.

FIG. 6 is diagrammatic view illustrating the determination of the mediastinum region (the gray region).

FIG. 7A and 7B are diagrammatic views showing the original chest radiograph and the normalized chest radiograph, respectively.

FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic view showing the 0^(th)-order X direction derivative image of the chest radiograph (I₀ ⁰(x,y,σ)).

FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic view displaying the search result of the chest body midline and two lung centerlines.

FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic view which demonstrates the initial location of the knowledge model in the chest radiograph.

FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating the deforming scheme of lung shape model.

FIG. 12 is a diagrammatic view which illustrates the construction of the local search region.

FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating the determination of a target point to a landmark.

FIGS. 14A and 14B are diagrammatic views which respectively show the gray-level distribution of the detected lung regions and the determination of the lung region threshold. FIG. 14A displays the detected lung regions and FIG. 14B is the gray-level histogram of the detected lung region.

FIG. 15 is a diagrammatic view which illustrates how to select the different edge information for each landmark. Image 150 shows that the edge information from the 1^(st)-order X-direction derivative image is chosen for the landmark points closed to the mediastinum. Image 151 demonstrates that the edges in the 2^(nd)-order Y-direction derivative image are associated to the landmark points near the lung top. Image 152 displays the lung shape models and their landmark points, which are grouped based on their positions. Image 153 shows the edge information from the 2^(nd)-order X-direction derivative image is used for the landmark points closed to the rib cage. Image 154 shows that the edges in the 1^(st)-order Y derivative image are related to the landmark points near the lung bottom.

FIGS. 16A and 16B are diagrammatic views which demonstrate the detected lung regions in the chest radiograph.

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of a radiographic imaging system incorporating the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates in general to the processing of chest radiographic images. FIG. 17 is a block diagram of a radiographic system incorporating the present invention. As shown a radiographic image, such as a chest radiographic image is acquired by an image acquisition system 1600. Image acquisition system 1600 can include one of the following: (1) a conventional radiographic film/screen system in which a body part (chest) of a patient is exposed to x-radiation from an x-ray source and a radiographic image is formed in the radiographic image is formed in the radiographic film. The film is developed and digitized to produce a digital radiographic image. (2) A computed radiography system in which the radiographic image of the patient's body part is formed in a storage phosphor plate. The storage phosphor plate is scanned to produce a digital radiographic image. The storage phosphor plate is erased and reused. (3) A direct digital radiography system in which the radiographic image of the patient's body part is formed directly in a direct digital device which directly produces a digital radiographic image.

The digital radiographic image is processed according to the present invention by image processing system 1602. System 1602 is preferably a digital computer or digital microprocessor by can include hardware and firmware to carry out the various image processing operations.

The processed digital radiographic image is provided to image output 1604, such as a high resolution electronic display or a printer which produces a hard copy (film) of the processed radiographic image. The original as well as the processed image can be transmitted to a remote location, can be stored in a radiographic image storage system (PACS), and the like.

The present invention discloses a method for automatically segmenting lung regions in chest radiographic images, which is based on the combination of six processing steps as shown in FIG. 1. First, the input chest radiograph image (box 9) is pre-processed (box 10). Then, the chest body midline and lung centerlines are extracted from the image (box 11). Next, the chest body model (box 12), the spine model (box 13) and two lung models (box 14) are located in the chest radiograph image one by one based on these extracted feature lines. Finally, the lung contours (box 16) are detected by deforming the lung shape models to converge to the true lung boundaries with the help of the region and edge information (box 15).

A knowledge model is used for lung segmentation, which encapsulates the following characteristics:

-   -   Shape Characteristics: The anatomical shapes of lung 24, 22         spine 23 and chest body 21, as shown in FIG. 2A, provide very         helpful information in chest image composition, and can be used         to guide the detection procedure.     -   Spatial Characteristics: the spine column 23 is located in the         middle of the chest body 21 and the two lung regions 22 and 24         are nearly symmetric about the spine column. Their spatial         relation, as illustrated in FIG. 2B, can be used to predict the         approximate location of lung regions in the image.     -   Textual Characteristics: the visual appearance of lung regions         and the rest of body parts are quite different. Usually, lung         regions contain several superimposed structures and have lower         gray level values. Contrarily, the rest of body parts appear         brighter and more uniform than lung regions.

Because of a high degree of variation (1) in the chest among patients, (2) in the exposure conditions in the choice of image acquisition devices, and (3) in the preference of the radiologist, chest radiographs look quite different, which greatly affects the processing results. Thus, image normalization is employed to promote the robustness. In the present invention, all input images are normalized based on Regions of Interests (ROIs), instead of the image gray-level histogram as most image histograms contain the gray levels from foreground, background, and ROIs. Foreground is the area that is occluded by x-ray collimation during the exposure. Backgrounds are areas that have received direct x-ray exposure, and ROIs is taken to be the remainder of the image that normally contains the anatomical regions of interest for diagnosis. If image normalization is simply based on its histogram, the result is inevitably biased by the image foreground and background.

Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown a block diagram illustrating the pre-processing of a chest radiograph as shown to implement the pre-processing, a gray-level histogram of a chest radiographs 30 is produced and analyzed (box 31), and two thresholds are detected to separate the background, the lung regions and the rest of body parts (box 32), respectively. By removing the background and the rest of body parts (box 33), the lung regions can be estimated in a chest radiograph (box 34) and further the mediastinum region can be derived (box 35). Finally, the image is normalized based on the gray-level properties of the detected lung and mediastinum regions (box 36). The output of this step includes not only the normalized image (box 37), but also the estimate of lung regions (box 38).

Referring to FIGS. 4A-4C, a gray-level histogram as shown in FIG. 4A is generated, and the maximal and minimal gray-level of the image are detected. Then two thresholds are derived to segment the original image based on the histogram. The first threshold (th1) is used to separate the background from the image, and the second one (th2) extracts the lung regions from the rest of chest body parts. The way to detect the first threshold is as follows: the histogram of FIG. 4A is first smoothed to reduce the noise interference, as shown in FIG. 4B. Then the derivative of the histogram is computed. Finally the position with the maximal derivative is detected and set as the first threshold, and the second threshold is obtained by: $\begin{matrix} {{{th}\quad 2} = \begin{Bmatrix} {{\left. n \middle| \frac{\sum\limits_{i = n}^{max\_ graylevel}\quad{h(i)}}{\sum\limits_{i = {{th}\quad 1}}^{max\_ graylevel}\quad{h(i)}} \right. = {80\quad\%}},} & {n > {{th}\quad 1}} \end{Bmatrix}} & (1) \end{matrix}$ Where h(i) is the histogram of the chest radiograph. FIG. 4C indicates the two detected thresholds.

FIGS. 5A and 5B respectively show the chest radiograph and its result by using the first threshold. After image thresholding, all regions with the gray-level below the first threshold are labeled and checked to ensure if they belong to background, then the background regions are removed from the segmented image as shown in FIG. 5C. Those speckles and noise left after the background removal can be easily eliminated by using morphological operations. FIG. 5D shows the final result image, in which two lung regions are apparent and can be used as an estimate of lung regions.

The next step is to detect the mediastinum region which is located between the two lung fields. Its extraction can be simply completed by detecting the region between the two lung regions, as shown in FIG. 6. Once the mediastinum region is obtained, the input chest radiograph can be normalized by using the minimal gray-level of lung regions and the maximal gray-level of the mediastinum, as given in Eq. 2. $\begin{matrix} {{I_{new}\left( {x,y} \right)} = \left\{ \begin{matrix} I_{lung\_ min} & {{I\left( {x,y} \right)} \leq I_{lung\_ min}} \\ \frac{{I\left( {x,y} \right)} - I_{lung\_ min}}{I_{mediastinum\_ max} - I_{lung\_ min}} & {I_{lung\_ min} < \left( {x,y} \right) \leq I_{mediastinum\_ max}} \\ I_{mediastinum\_ max} & {I_{mediastinum\_ max} < {I\left( {x,y} \right)}} \end{matrix} \right.} & (2) \end{matrix}$

Where I(x,y) is the grey-level of the original chest radiographic image at the pixel (x,y).

FIGS. 7A-7B display both the original and the normalized chest radiograph. It is obvious that the image quality is greatly improved after the normalization.

Only using the estimate of lung regions is not sufficient to locate the knowledge model in chest radiographs, since its information is not precise and reliable, especially in some abnormal images. But it does provide a good hint for detecting lung regions. Some experimental results show that using appropriate scales and a combination of direction and derivation on the radiograph can extract some features corresponding closely to anatomical structures or boundaries. For example, the chest body midline and lung centerlines can be easily found in the 0^(th)-order X-direction derivative image, as shown in FIG. 8, where the white lines near the middle of the image correspond to the chest body midline, and the two black lines on the both sides of the white line are close to the centerlines of the lung regions. In the present invention, this information is used to locate the knowledge model. Derivative images are computed by convoluting the normalized image I_(new)(x,y) with the derivative of a Gaussian G(x,y,σ) at a particular scale σ. I _(n) ^(α)(x,y,σ)=G _(n) ^(α)(x,y,σ){circumflex over (x)}I _(new)(x,y)  (3)

The normalized Gaussian in two-dimension is given by: $\begin{matrix} {{G\left( {x,y,\sigma} \right)} = {\frac{1}{2{\pi\sigma}^{2}}{\exp\left( \frac{- \left( {x^{2} + y^{2}} \right)}{2\sigma^{2}} \right)}}} & (4) \end{matrix}$

Where {circumflex over (x)} denotes convolution and G_(n) ^(α) is the n^(th)-order derivative of the Gaussian kernel in the direction α. In the present invention α=0° corresponds to X direction, and 60 =90° corresponds to Y direction. The white and black pixels in the derivative images correspond the maximum and minimum in the direction α, respectively, which are obtained by comparing each pixel with its neighboring regions using the non-maximal suppression algorithm. With the help of the estimate of lung regions, the two lung centerlines can be detected by finding two start points, one on each black line, then tracing them in both directions, and finally stopping at the pixel whose gray-level is greater than the second threshold (th2). The chest body midline is found by the same technique in the mediastinum region. FIG. 9 displays the search result of the chest body midline and two lung centerlines.

Once the chest body midline and lung centerlines are detected. The chest body model can be located by aligning its centerline with the chest body midline, and its model size is derived from the distance between the two lung centerlines, then the spine model is placed in the middle of the chest body model according to their anatomic spatial relationship. The locating of lung models is complicated, since their size, position and orientation have to be firstly derived from the lung centerlines, then the lung shape models are adjusted by these parameters and finally the models are aligned along the lung centerlines. FIG. 10 demonstrates the initial location of the knowledge model in the chest radiograph.

The lung shape model used in the present invention is a 2D statistical shape model from H. Luo et al., Method for automatic construction of 2D statistical shape model for the lung regions, which consists of a mean shape vector ( X) to represent the general shape and variation modes in the form of the eigenvectors (P_(t)). Deforming the lung shape models is performed in three stages, as illustrated in FIG. 11. In the first stage, a proper target point is selected for each landmark based on the initial location of the lung mean shape model (box 10). In the second stage, the lung mean shape models are deformed rigidly to optimize the objective function (box 111). This step allows for any small adjustments in the position, orientation and size of shape models. In the third stage, the shape model is deformed locally in order to best fit the target points (box 112) and the current shape is updated (box 113). The process is repeated ideally, after several iterations, the change of shape will become negligible (diamond 114) and the shape model tends to be stable (box 115).

To determine a proper target point for each landmark is critical to the success of lung segmentation. In the present invention, both region and edge information are employed for the detection. The region information is obtained from a small local search region around the landmark, and used to indicate the landmark location, such as inside or outside of the lung regions, or close to the boundaries. The edge information is extracted from different orders and direction derivative images for each landmark, which gives an accurate representation of the boundary properties of the lung regions.

Reference is now made to FIG. 13. For region information, a local search region is constructed at each landmark point (box 130), which is a narrow band perpendicular to the local contour of the landmark. The direction perpendicular to a landmarks (x_(n),y_(n)) is computed by rotating the vector that runs from landmark (x_(n−1),y_(n−1)) to landmark (x_(n+1),y₊₁) over 90°. Since the lung shape models are closed contours, the first landmark uses the last landmark and the second landmark as two adjacent landmarks and the last landmark uses the second last landmark and the first landmark. K pixels on either side are sampled to form a perpendicular line, then two lines, one above and one below the perpendicular line, are extracted and all these three lines together construct a local search region for the landmark. FIG. 12 illustrates the construction of the local search region, where t_(in) represents the inside target point of the local search region, and t_(out) represents the outside target point of the local search region. For each landmark, its local region properties are evaluated by analyzing how many pixels in the region are less than the lung region threshold th_(reg) (box 131). If most of them, say 80%, are less than the threshold, the landmark belongs to lung regions (diamond 135), and its target point is set to be t_(out) (box 132). If most of them are above the threshold (diamond 136), the landmark lies outside of lung regions, and its target point is set to be t_(in) (box 133). Otherwise, the edge information is needed to determine the target point (box 134) (box 137).

The lung region threshold used here is adaptive and updated during each iteration of deformation. It is first initialized as th2, detected in the pre-processing. Then after an iteration of deformation, the lung region threshold is updated based on a weighted mean of the newly detected lung region. Eq. 5 gives the way to compute the weighted region mean. For those pixels less than th2 in the detected lung region, it is sure that they belong to the lung region, thus their weights w(x,y) are set higher to emphasize their contribution to the region properties. $\begin{matrix} {I_{reg} = \begin{matrix} \frac{\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{n}\quad{{w\left( {x,y} \right)}{I_{new}\left( {x,y} \right)}}}{\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{n}\quad{w\left( {x,y} \right)}} & \begin{matrix} {{w\left( {x,y} \right)} = 2} & {{{if}\quad{I_{new}\left( {x,y} \right)}} \leq {{th}\quad 2}} \\ {{w\left( {x,y} \right)} = 1} & {{{if}\quad{I_{new}\left( {x,y} \right)}} > {{th}\quad 2}} \end{matrix} \end{matrix}} & (5) \end{matrix}$

In present invention, the gray level distribution of lung regions is modeled as a Guassian distribution over the region weighted mean I_(reg) with variance σ_(reg), as illustrated in FIG. 14. The updated lung region threshold is defined by th_(reg)=2*I_(reg)  (6)

The selection of edge information is based on the position of a landmark and its contour shape. FIG. 15 indicates the way to determine edge information in the present invention. Basically, the landmark points on the lung shape contours are classified into three or four groups depending on their positions, as demonstrated in (image 154). The landmark points closed to the mediastinum (group 1) select their edge information from the 1^(st)-order X derivative image (image 150). More precisely, the landmarks on the left side of the mediastinum try to converge to the maximal edges (the white pixels) in the derivative image and those on the right side of the mediastinum try to converge to the minimal edges (the black pixels) in the derivative image. As for the landmark point on the top of the shape (group 2), they are more interested in the minimal edges (the black pixels) in the 2^(nd)-order Y derivative image (image 151). The landmark points near the rib cages (group 3) use the minimal edges (the black pixels) in the 2^(nd)-order X derivative image (image 152). The landmark points on the lung bottom (group 4) search for the maximal edges (the white pixels) from the 1^(st)-order Y derivative image (image 153). Since the target point comes from the local search region of the landmark, it is possible that no edge information is found in the local search region. In such situation, the landmark point is left where it is, and later the model constraints will eventually pull it into a reasonable position.

In the second stage, a set of suitable target points (X_(T)) are given, and the best fit pose parameters can be computed by minimizing the sum of squares of distances between the landmarks from the lung mean shape and their corresponding target points. E=(X _(T) −M(S _(d),θ_(d)) X−t _(d))^(T)(X _(T) −M( X _(T) −M(S _(d),θ_(d)) X−t _(d))  (7)

Where $\begin{matrix} {{M\left( {s_{d},\theta_{d}} \right)} = {\begin{bmatrix} s_{dx} & 0 \\ 0 & s_{dy} \end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix} {\cos\quad\theta} & {{- \sin}\quad\theta} \\ {\sin\quad\theta} & {\cos\quad\theta} \end{bmatrix}}} & (8) \end{matrix}$

θ_(d) is an appropriate rotation, S_(d) is a scale and t_(d)=(t_(dx), t_(dy)) represents translation.

According to the statistical shape model, any shape vector X can be approximated using the mean shape X and a weighted sum of its variation, as given in Eq. (9). X= X+P _(t) b _(t)  (9)

Where P_(t) is a matrix of the most significant eigenvectors, and b_(t) is a set of shape parameters, one for each eigenvector. Since the mean shape X and the matrix of eigenvectors P_(t) are given in the statistical shape model, the local deformation, in the third stage, is actually to adjust the shape parameters b_(t), so that the synthetic shape fits the target points as closely as possible. To implement it, a displacement vector d_(x) is calculated as the deviation between the landmark points of the lung mean shape and their corresponding target points. dx=M ⁻¹(s _(d),θ_(d))(X _(T) +t _(d))− X   (10)

Based on Eq. 9 dx=P_(t)b_(t)  (11)

With the properties of eigenvector matrices, the best approximation parameters is calculated by b _(t) =P _(t) ^(T) dx=P _(t) ^(T) [M ⁻¹(S _(d),θ_(d))(X _(T) +t _(d))− X]  (12) During the deformation of the statistical shape model, the shape parameters (components in the vector b_(t)) have to be checked by pre-defined limits to avoid implausible shape. This may cause the deformed shape not match the target points precisely sometimes. However, such imprecision can be eventually minimized or disappear after enough iteration, and finally the lung shape models will converge to the true boundaries of lung regions, as shown in FIG. 16.

The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention.

Parts List

-   9 chest radiograph -   10 image pre-processing -   11 body midline and lung center lines extraction -   12 chest body model location -   13 spine model location -   14 lung model location -   15 region and edge information -   16 lung region -   21 chest body model -   22 right lung model -   23 spine model -   24 left lung model -   30 chest radiograph -   31 gray-level histogram -   32 threshold analysis -   33 background removal -   34 lung region estimation -   35 mediastinum region extraction -   36 image normalization -   37 normalized chest radiograph -   38 estimate of lung regions -   110 determine the target points -   111 adjust the pose parameters to best fit the target point -   112 deform the model shape to best fit the target point -   113 update the current page -   114 is the shape change negligible? -   115 the shape contours of lung regions -   130 construct the local search region -   131 check the region properties of the local search region -   132 set t_(out) as the target -   133 set t_(out) as target point -   134 search edge point and set it as the target point -   135 local region belongs to the lung region(?) -   136 region close to the edges -   137 target point -   150 1^(st) order X-direction derivative image -   151 2^(nd) order Y-direction derivative image -   152 lung shape models image -   153 edge information from the 2^(nd)-order X-direction image -   154 edges in 1^(st)-order Y derivative image -   1600 image acquisition system -   1602 image processing system -   1604 image output 

1. A method for processing a radiographic image, comprising: providing the input digital radiographic image; preprocessing the input digital radiographic image; extracting features from the preprocessed digital radiographic image; and processing the input digital radiographic image based on the extracted features.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of preprocessing includes normalizing the input digital radiographic image based on at least one estimated region of interest.
 3. A method for automatically segmenting lung regions in a chest radiographic image comprising: providing an input digital chest radiographic image; preprocessing the input digital radiographic image by: (a) estimating two lung regions and a mediastinum region, and (b) normalizing the radiographic image with the estimated two lung regions and mediastinum regions; extracting a chest body midline and two lung centerlines from the preprocessed image; locating one-by-one, the chest body model, the spine model and the two lung models in the image based on the extracted chest body midline and two lung centerlines; and detecting the lung regions by deforming the lung shape models to converge to the true lung boundaries using both region and edge information.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the two lung and mediastinum regions are estimated using appropriate scales and a combination of direction and derivation of a radiographic image.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of normalizing employs a minimal gray-level of the estimated lung regions and a maximal gray-level of the estimated mediastinum region.
 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the step of extracting the chest body midline and two lung centerlines uses appropriate scales and a combination of direction and derivation of a radiographic image.
 7. The method of claim 3, wherein the chest body midline is detected by searching extreme pixels in the 0^(th)-order X-direction derivative image in the estimated mediastinum region, and the two lung centerlines are detected by searching the extreme pixels in the 0^(th)-order X-direction derivative image in the estimated lung regions.
 8. The method of claim 3, wherein the chest body model is located by aligning its centerline with the chest body midline, and the chest body model size is derived from the distance between the two lung centerlines.
 9. The method of claim 3, wherein the spine model is placed in the middle of the chest body model according to a size and spatial relationship of chest body midline and lung centerlines.
 10. The method of claim 3, wherein the two lung models are located using a size and spatial relationship of the detected chest body midline and lung centerlines.
 11. The method of claim 3, wherein the two lung models are statistical shape models and the model size and translation parameters are determined from the detected chest body midline and lung centerlines.
 12. The method of claim 3, wherein deforming the lung shape models takes advantage of derivative images of an image. 